Wrth ddysgu neu wella ein dealltwriaeth o’n hiaith, mae angen cefnogaeth a chymorth oddi wrth bobl eraill arnom, pobl sydd wedi’i meistroli ac sydd gyda’r sgiliau i’w hesbonio’n effeithiol. Yma, mae Mark Stonelake, sydd wedi ysgrifennu llyfrau cwrs i CBAC a Dysgu Cymraeg - Ardal Bae Abertawe, wedi cytuno i rannu ei ddoethineb gyda'r byd. Mae parallel.cymru yn ei gyflwyno fe ar ffurf cwestiynau ac atebion, gyda thabl cynnwys isod.
When learning or improving our understanding of a language we need support and help from others who have mastered it and are skilled at explaining it to others. Here, Mark Stonelake, who has written course books for the WJEC and Learn Welsh- Swansea Bay Region, has kindly agreed to share his wisdom with the world. Parallel.cymru presents it in the form of questions and answers, with a table of contents below.
Mae Mark yn dod o Aberdâr yng nghymoedd de Cymru. Ar ôl ennill gradd yn y Gymraeg ac wedyn gwneud addysg Gymraeg ran-amser yn y 1980au, dechreuodd Mark weithio fel tiwtor a threfnydd llawn amser ym 1993, gan arbenigo mewn datblygu, trefnu a dysgu cyrsiau Cymraeg dwys iawn. Roedd Mark yn Swyddog Cwricwlwm ac Adnoddau yng Nghanolfan Cymraeg i Oedolion De-orllewin Cymru o 2006 i 2016. Roedd e'n Rheolwr Datblygiad Proffesiynol ac Ansawdd o 2016 i 2018 yng Nghanolfan Dysgu Cymraeg Ardal Bae Abertawe yn Academi Hywel Teifi, Prifysgol Abertawe. Yn ogystal â datblygu cyrsiau yn Abertawe, fe a gyd-ysgrifennodd gwrslyfr CBAC Sylfaen. Mae e wedi ymddeol o weithio lawn amser ers cynnar 2018 ond mae e'n dal i weithio mewn addysg ran-amser.
Mark is from Aberdare in the South Wales Valleys. After doing a degree in Welsh and working part-time teaching Welsh in the 1980s, Mark started as a full time tutor/organiser in 1993, specialising in developing, organising and teaching highly intensive Welsh courses. From 2006 to 2016 he was appointed as the Curriculum and Resources Officer in the South-West Wales Welsh for Adults Centre. From 2016 to 2018 he was the Personal Development and Quality Manager at the Learn Welsh Swansea Bay Area centre in Academi Hywel Teifi at Swansea University. In additon to developing courses in Swansea, he co-wrote the WJEC Foundation course book. He retired from working full time in early 2018 but continues to teach part-time.
Nodyn am y geirfa wedi'i chyflwyno yma: Yma ac acw, mae rhai o'r geiriau'n fwy addas eu defnyddio gan ddysgwyr yn Ne Cymru na chan ddysgwyr y Gogledd. Fodd bynnag mae cysyniadau gramadegol yn gwmwys i bob tafodiaith Gymraeg.
A note on the language: Some of the vocabulary was written for learners in South Wales, but the grammar concepts are applicable to all Welsh dialects.
Nodyn ar sut mae'r gramadeg wedi'i gyflwyno: Mae'r defnydd yma wedi'u hysgrifennu ar gyfer dysgwyr sydd yn gwneud cyrsiau dros 4 - 10 o flynyddoedd. Felly, os bydd dysgwyr newydd yn gweld popeth yn yr un lle ac ar yr un pryd, efallai y byddan nhw wedi eu llethu ganddo fe. Dylai dysgwyr ddefnyddio'r defnydd yma i gefnogi ffurfiau eraill o ddysgu. Er enghraifft, byddan nhw'n gallu defnyddio'r ganllaw hon dros sawl blwyddyn i ddod o hyd i esboniadau amgen ac er mwyn egluro pynciau. Fe fydd hefyd yn rhoi cymorth i bobl sydd eisoes yn medru'r Gymraeg ac sydd eisiau cryfhau eu gwybodaeth, a gloywi eu deallwriaeth greddfol.
A note on the presentation: This content was designed to be delivered to learners over the course of 4-10 years, and new learners receiving this all in one place could feel overwhelmed. Its purpose is to support an existing learning method, and for this guide to be referred to as a reference, clarification and alternative explanation over a number of years. It is also helpful for people with a good knowledge of Welsh to reinforce and clarify their intuitive understanding.
Rhagor o enghreifftiau: Mae enghreifftiau a delweddau ychwanegol gyda'r symbol * wedi cael eu paratoi gan Patrick Jemmer a Neil Rowlands i parallel.cymru. Er moyn cadw'r delweddau, right-click/long-press ac wedyn dewiswch 'Save As'.
Yn ychwanegol, diolch yn fawr i Patrick Jemmer am gyfieithu’r darnau gramadeg i’r Gymraeg ac y prawf ddarllenwyr am eu hawgrymiadau nhw.
More examples: The extra examples and images with the * symbol have been prepared by Patrick Jemmer and Neil Rowlands for parallel.cymru. In order to save the images, right-click/long-press and then choose 'Save As'.
In addition, thank you very much to Patrick Jemmer for the English to Welsh translation and to the proof readers with their suggestions.
Lefel Mynediad / Entrance Level
| Termau Gramadeg Beth yw ystyr y termau sylfaenol mewn gramadeg, fel berfau, enwau ac ansoddeiriau? | Grammar Terms What are basic grammar terms such as verbs, nouns and adjectives? |
| Yr Wyddor Sut mae'r wyddor yn wahanol yn y Gymraeg, a sut mae'n cael ei hynganu? | The Alphabet How is the alphabet different in Welsh and how is it pronounced? |
| Ti & Chi Pryd y dylwn i ddefnyddio Ti a phryd dylwn i ddefnyddio Chi? | Ti & Chi When should I use Ti and when should I use Chi? |
| Adeiladwaith brawddegau / Trefn geiriau Sut mae trefn y geiriau yn y Gymraeg yn wahanol i'r drefn yn Saesneg? | Sentence structure / Word order How does the order of words in Welsh differ from that in English? |
| Enwau ag Ansoddeiriau a Rhifau Sut mae enwau'n cael eu defnyddio gydag ansoddeiriau a gyda rhifolion? | Nouns with Adjectives and Numbers How are nouns used with adjectives and numbers? |
| Cyflwyno Treigladau Mae treigladau'n un o nodweddion arbennig yr ieithoedd Celtaidd, sy'n helpu sŵn yr iaith i lifo'n rhwydd. Pa synau sydd yn newid, a beth sy'n achosi'r newidiadau? | Introducing Mutations One of the unique characteristics of the Celtic languages, mutations help the sound of the language to flow smoothly. Which letters change and what are the main changes? |
| Fe / Hi, Yn / Mewn & Y / Yr Ar adegau, y geiriau byrraf sy'n achosi'r problemau gwaethaf. Sut, yn union y mae'r Gymraeg yn trin Fe/Hi, A/An, Yn/Mewn ac Y/Yr? | It, A / An, In & The Sometimes the shortest words can give the biggest problems. Precisely how does Welsh deal with Fe/Hi, A/An, Yn/Mewn and Y/Yr (It, A/An, In and The)? |
| Y tri math o Yn Mae'r gair Yn yn cael ei ddefnyddio mewn tair ffordd wahanol- beth ydyn nhw? | The three types of Yn The word Yn is used in three different ways- what are these? |
| Mae, Oes & Ydy Pryd y dylech chi ddefnyddio Mae, Oes ac Ydy? Mae hyn yn gallu achosi penbleth. Beth yw'r ateb? | Mae, Oes & Ydy When to use mae, oes and ydy can cause confusion- when do we use which one? |
| Cyflwyno'r amser gorffennol - Es i / I went Sut gallwn ni ddechrau defnyddio berfau cryno’r gorffennol i ddweud pethau fel 'I went'? | Introducing the past tense - Es i / I went How do we start using the past tense and saying things like 'I went'? |
| Cyflwyno'r amser gorffennol (parhad) - Defnyddio 'Gwneud' Sut gallwn ni ddefnyddio'r gorffennol cryno i ddweud 'I did' hefyd? | Introducing the past tense (continued) - Using 'Gwneud' How do we extend the past tense by saying 'I did'? |
| Defnyddio berfau yn yr amser gorffennol Sut mae gweddill y berfau'n rhedeg yn yr amser gorffennol? | Using verbs in the past tense And what are the rules for the rest of the past tense verbs? |
| Yr amser gorffennol (Cael) Sut gallwn ni ddefnyddio’r amser gorffennol i ddweud 'I had' hefyd? | The past tense (Cael) How do we extend the past tense by saying 'I had'? |
| Yr amser gorffennol (Dod) Sut gallwn ni ddefnyddio’r amser gorffennol i ddweud 'I came' hefyd? | The past tense (Dod) How do we extend the past tense by saying 'I came'? |
| Rhagenwau Personol- Fy, Dy, Ei ayyb Mae treiglo'n digwydd pan fydd rhagenwau'n cael eu defnyddio gydag enwau a berfenwau. Beth sy'n newid? | Personal Pronouns- How to say ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his, ‘her’, etc When we relate a noun or verb to a person some mutations take place. What changes? |
| Gallu, Moyn & Eisiau Beth yw'r gwahaniaeth rhwng Gallu, Moyn ac Eisiau? Pam mae Moyn ac Eisiau yn gweithio'n wahanol i'w gilydd? | Gallu, Moyn & Eisiau What is the difference between Gallu, Moyn and Eisiau, and why do Moyn and Eisiau behave slightly differently? |
| Cyn, Ar Ôl & Wedyn Pryd y dylen ni ddefnyddio Cyn a phryd y dylen ni ddefnyddio Ar ôl neu Wedyn? | Cyn, Ar Ôl & Wedyn When should we use Cyn and when should we use Ar ôl or Wedyn? |
| Y Ferf 'Bod' Yn y Gymraeg mae berfenw 'Bod / To Be' yn hyblyg iawn, ac mae ganddi lawer o ffurfiau. Beth ydyn nhw? | The Verb To Be The verb 'To Be / Bod' is very pliant in Welsh, and takes on many forms. What forms does it take? |
| Berfau Cryno Trwy ddefnyddio'r rhain, rydyn ni'n gallu dweud pethau mewn llai o eiriau. Sut mae gwneud hyn? | Short Form Verbs These allow us to condense an action into a shorter expression. How can we do this? |
| Wedi Beth yw ystyr y gair Wedi, a sut mae ei ddefnyddio? | Wedi What does the word Wedi mean, and how should we use it? |
| Rhaid i fi Sut mae mynegi rhaid neu angen? | Rhaid i fi- I have to / I must How do we express a necessity or need? |
| Arddodiaid Dyma grŵp o eiriau sy'n golygu 'to, on, at' etc. Sut mae dewis pa un i ddefnyddio gyda berf os bydd angen un? | Prepositions There are a range of words which equate 'to on, at', etc. How do we know which one to use with which verbs? |
| Ateb Cwestiynau Dyw ymateb i gwestiynau yn y Gymraeg ddim cyn hawsed ag y mae yn y Saesneg. Beth yw'r dewisiadau? | Answering yes and no Responding to questions isn't quite as simple as in English. What are our answer options? |
| Cyflwyno’r Amherffaith Sut mae dweud beth yr oedden ni ei wneud yn y gorffennol? | Introducing the Imperfect Tense How do we say what we were doing in the past? |
| Cyflwyno Gorchmynion Sut mae dweud pethau fel Go! Get ...! Be...! ac yn y blaen? | Introducing Commands How do we say things like Go! Get...!, Be...! and so on... |
| Ffurfio gorchmynion Sut mae defnyddio gorchmynion gyda mwy o ferfau? | Command Endings How do we use commands with a wider range of verbs? |
| Mynd â & Cymryd Pryd mae defnyddio Mynd â, a phryd mae defnyddio Cymryd? | Mynd â & Cymryd- To Take When do we use each form of Mynd â and Cymryd? |
| Bydd- Amser dyfodol Bod Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'I will be there at 7'? | Bydd- the future tense of Bod (to be) How do we say things like 'I will be there at 7?' |
| Sydd- Ffurf arall ar amser presennol 'Bod' Pan fyddwn ni eisiau dweud 'who is/are’ or ‘which is/are' yn yr amser presennol, bydd rhaid defnyddio Sydd. Sut mae hyn yn gweithio? | Sydd- Another form for the present tense of 'Bod / To Be' When we want to use the present tense with 'who is/are’ or ‘which is/are' we need to use Sydd- how does this work? |
| Defnyddio Gallu yn yr amser dyfodol Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'I can', 'Can I', 'Yes you can' a 'No you can't'? | Using Gallu in the future tense How do we say things like 'I can', 'Can I', 'Yes you can' and 'No you can't'? |
| Hwn, Hon, Hwnna, Honna, Y Rhain & Y Rheina Mae ffurfiau'r geiriau sy'n golygu This, That, These and Those yn debyg iawn yn y Gymraeg- ydych chi'n gallu esbonio p'un yw p'un? | This, That, These and Those The forms of This, That, These and Those are very similar in Welsh- can you you explain which is which? |
| Sut, Pa Mor & Pa Pa eiriau rydyn ni'n eu defnyddio mewn cwestiynau fel 'How are you?', 'What kind of house is it?' and 'What colour is it?'' | Sut, Pa Mor & Pa Which forms do we use for questions such as 'How are you?', 'What kind of house is it?' and 'What colour is it?' |
Lefel Sylfaen / Foundation Level
| Cyflwyno'r Amser Dyfodol Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'Will you get up?' and 'Will you pay?' yn yr amser dyfodol? | Introducing the future tense How do we say things like 'Will you get up?' and 'Will you pay?' in the future tense? |
| Adolygu arddodiadau a'r terfyniadau priodol Rywbryd byddwn ni'n gweld pethau fel 'arno fe' and 'amdani hi'- beth yw'r ymadroddion yma, a beth yw'r patrymau sylfaenol? | Recapping prepositions and adding endings Sometimes we see things like 'arno fe' and 'amdani hi'- what are these and the patterns behind them? |
| Cyflwyno Bod fel That Yn aml yn y Saesneg byddwn ni'n gadael y gair 'that' allan o frawddegau, ond dyw hyn ddim yn bosibl yn y Gymraeg. Sut mae cyfleu ystyr y gair 'that'? | Introducing Bod as That In English we often omit 'that' from sentences, but this isn't possible in Welsh. How do we convey 'that'? |
| Cymalau yn yr amser dyfodol Beth sy'n digwydd pan fyddwn ni'n siarad am y dyfodol? | Clauses with the future tense What happens with 'bod' when we talk about the future? |
| Cip arall ar yr amser dyfodol Sut mae defnyddio Mynd, Cael a Gwneud i ofyn cwestiynau ac i ffurfio brawddegau negyddol? | Taking a look at the future tense again How do we form questions, use negatives and mynd, cael and gwneud? |
| Mwy am yr amser dyfodol Dyma ni'n gweithio'n galed iawn i ddysgu am yr amser dyfodol -- gawn ni ymarfer y terfyniadau rheolaidd? | Extending the future tense We are covering a lot of the future tense here- can we recap the straightforward regular endings? |
| Gofyn cwestiynau yn yr amser dyfodol Sut mae gofyn cwestiynau fel 'Will you learn? or 'Will they see?' | Asking questions in the future How do we ask questions such as 'Will you learn? or 'Will they see?' |
| Yr amser dyfodol (Cael) Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'I’ll have' a 'May I have?' | The future tense of Cael How do we say things such as 'I’ll have' and 'May I have?' |
| Yr amser dyfodol (Dod) Gan fod Dod yn afreolaidd yn yr amser dyfodol, sut mae defnyddio'r ffurfiau yma? | The future tense of Dod As Dod is irregular in the future, how do we use these forms? |
| Cyflwyno'r Goddefol Sut mae dweud pethau sy wedi digwydd i ni, fel 'I was born' neu 'She was brought up'? | Introducing the Passive voice How do we say things that have happened to us, such as 'I was born' or 'She was brought up'? |
| Mynegi hoffter gan ddefnyddio 'Mae'n well gyda fi' Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'I prefer...' neu 'What do you prefer?' ...? | Expressing a preference with 'Mae'n well gyda fi' How do we say things like 'I prefer...' or 'What do you prefer?' |
| Cyflwyno'r Amodol Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'I would be' a 'They would go'? | Introducing the Conditional tense How do we say things like 'I would be' and 'They would go'? |
| Yr Amodol (parhad)- If I Could Sut mae dweud pethau mwy cymhleth gan ddefnyddio'r amodol fel 'If I was to go?' | Continuing the Conditional tense with If I Could How do we extend the conditional tense and express a touch more complexity with things like 'If I was to go?' |
| Cyflwyno Rhifolion a Threfnolion Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'the first, second or twenty-third'? | Introducing Cardinal and Ordinal numbers How do we say things like the first, second or twenty-third? |
| Cyflwyno Gorchmynion- gyda Ti Sut mae dweud pethau fel ''Stand up' neu 'Don't'...? | Introducing Commands- with Ti How do we say things like 'Stand up' or 'Don't'... |
| Y Goddefol (parhad) Cip arall ar y goddefol | Continuing the Passive voice Taking another glance at the Passive voice |
| Mor, Cystal & Cynddrwg Sut mae dweud 'So', 'As...as', 'As good as' ac 'As bad as'? | Mor, Cystal & Cynddrwg How do we say 'So', 'As...as', 'As good as' and 'As bad as'? |
| Cymharu dau beth Beth yw'r patrwm sylfaenol pan fyddwn ni'n dweud pethau fel 'Wetter', 'Taller' and 'Younger'? | Comparing two things What is the pattern behind saying things like 'Wetter', 'Taller' and 'Younger'? |
| Cymharu Ansoddeiriau Mae patrymau rheolaidd i'w defnyddio pan fyddwn ni'n cymharu pethau, er enghraifft pan fyddwn ni'n dweud "Mae Eglwys Gadeiriol Llandaf yn dalach na Neuadd y Ddinas ond Stadiwm y Mileniwm yw'r adeilad tala". Beth yw'r rhestr lawn? | Comparison of Adjectives There are set patterns for comparing items, for example saying "Mae Eglwys Gadeiriol Llandaf yn dalach na Neuadd y Ddinas ond Stadiwm y Mileniwm yw'r adeilad tala". What is the full list? |
| Cymharu ansoddeiriau- Y Radd Eithaf Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'The tallest', 'The biggest' neu 'The wettest'? | Comparing two adjectives- The Superlative How do we say things like 'The tallest', 'The biggest' or 'The wettest'? |
| Cymalau: Tair ffordd o ddweud That- Taw, Y & Bod Pryd y dylech chi ddefnyddio Taw, Y & Bod, y tri ohonyn nhw sy'n golygu 'that'? | Clauses: Three ways of saying That- Taw, Y & Bod How do we know when to use Taw, Y & Bod where they each mean 'that'? |
| Dylwn Sut mae cychwyn dweud pethau fel 'I should go'? | Dylwn- I should How do we get started with saying things such as 'I should go'? |
| Geiriau llenwi- Sut mae cael amser i feddwl wrth siarad? Beth dw i'n gallu ei ddweud i lenwi bwlch wrth i fi lunio'r frawddeg nesaf? | Verbal fillers- giving you time to think when speaking What can I say to fill a gap while I'm still putting the next sentence together? |
| Cyflwyno Berfau Cryno Rywbryd rydyn ni'n clywed ymadroddion fel 'Licwn i fynd' ac 'Allet ti?'- sut mae'r rhain yn cael eu llunio? | Introducing short-form verbs Sometimes we hear expressions such as 'Licwn i fynd' and 'Allet ti?'- how are these formed? |
| Heb - Mae'r gair yma yn cael ei ddefnyddio i olygu 'without' a hefyd i olygu 'Ddim wedi' Sut mae defnyddio Heb i olygu 'without' neu i olygu 'ddim wedi'? | Heb- Used as 'without' and in place of 'Ddim wedi' to mean 'have not' How do we go about using Heb in its two different forms? |
| Wrth Fy Modd Beth yw ffurfiau eraill yr ymadrodd 'Wrth fy modd', sy'n golygu 'I am delighted'? | Wrth Fy Modd- In my element or Delighted What are the variations of 'Wrth fy modd', meaning 'I am delighted'? |
| Ar ôl, Ar bwys, O flaen & O gwmpas Mae geiriau yma yn eithaf tebyg i'w gilydd- Beth yw'r gwahaniaeth rhyngddyn nhw? | Ar ôl, Ar bwys, O flaen & O gwmpas - After, Beside, In front of & Around These sets of words can sound quite similar- what is the difference between them? |
| Bod yn yr Amodol: Byddwn, Byddet, Byddai, Bydden, Byddech, Bydden Sut mae cychwyn dweud pethau fel 'I would go' a 'She would come'? | The conditional form of Bod: Byddwn, Byddai & Byddet How do we start saying things such as 'I would go' and 'She would come'? |
| Cyflwyno Lluosog Enwau Beth yw rhai ffyrdd o ffurfio lluosog enwau yn y Gymraeg? | Introducing plurals What are some ways in which plurals are formed in Welsh? |
| Dim Ond Beth yw ystyr yr ymadrodd 'Dim ond' a sut mae'n effeithio'r frawddeg o'i gwmpas? | Dim Ond- Only What does 'Dim Ond' mean and how does it affect the sentence around it? |
| Pwysleisio rhannau brawddeg yn yr amser presennol ac yn yr amser gorffennol Sut mae newid brawddeg i bwysleisio rhan wahanol ohoni hi? | Emphasising elements of a sentence in the present and past tense How do we amend a sentence to emphasise a different part? |
| Cynffoneiriau Sut rydych chi'n ychwanegu ymadroddion fel 'Aren’t I', 'Don’t you' a 'Won’t you' i gwestiynau er mwyn swnio fel siaradwr rhugl? | Cynffoneiriau- Tags How do we add phrases such as 'Aren’t I', 'Don’t you' and 'Won’t you' to questions in order to help sound like a native speaker? |
| Er Gall y gair Er olygu naill ai 'although' neu 'despite'. Mae ganddo fe sawl ystyr eraill hefyd - Beth yw'r rhain? | Er- Although / Despite The word Er can mean although or despite, but it also has a few other meanings- what are these? |
| Pen Yn arferol, mae'r gair Pen yn golygu 'head, end, top'. Mae ganddo fe sawl defnydd idiomatig hefyd- Beth yw'r rhain? | Pen: Head, End, Top & Idioms Pen usually means head, end or top, but it also has a few idiomatic uses- what are these? |
| Mynd ati o ddifrif gyda Lluosogion O'r blaen rydyn ni wedi cael cipolwg ar luosogion. Sut mae gwneud lluosogion i fwy o eiriau? | Diving into Plurals Following the earlier glance at plurals, how do we use plurals with a wider range of words? |
| Y Genidol - Defnyddio dau air neu fwy gyda'i gilydd Mae'r Gymraeg yn llai hyblyg na'r Saesneg pan fydd yn cysylltu dau air gyda'i gilydd- sut mae gwneud hyn? | The Genitive- Using two or more nouns together Welsh is less flexible when joining two nouns than English- how do we accomplish this? |
| Y Treiglad Meddal gyda geiriau benywaidd unigol Gawn ni weld rhai esiamplau o'r treigladd meddal gyda geiriau benywaidd unigol? | Soft Mutations with feminine singular nouns Can we have some examples of soft mutations with feminine singular nouns? |
| Atgrynhoi Adferfau Beth yw adferfau, a sut mae eu defnyddio? | Recapping Adverbs What are adverbs and how do we use them? |
| Byth & Erioed Pryd rydyn ni'n defnyddio Byth, a phryd rydyn ni'n defnyddio Erioed? | Byth & Erioed- Ever & Never When do we use Byth and when do we use Erioed? |
| Ta Beth, Bron a Bron i Fi Sut mae defnyddio'r ymadroddion defnyddiol hyn? | Ta Beth, Bron a Bron i Fi- Anyway, Almost, and I Almost How do we use these handy little phrases? |
| Dyma fi’n, Cyfuno Lliwiau & Iawn Sut mae defnyddio Dyma Fi? Sut mae disgrifio arlliwiau? Sut mae defnyddio'r gair Iawn? | Dyma fi’n, Cyfuno Lliwiau & Iawn- A short way of saying 'I am', Combining Colours, and using Iawn How do we use Dyma Fi, how do we describe shades of colours and how can Iawn be used? |
Lefel Canolradd / Intermediate Level
| Allan / Mas, Ar Gyfer, Cam, Er Mywn, Yn Enedigol & Llys Casgliad o gyngor ar y geiriau hyn | Allan / Mas, Ar Gyfer, Cam, Er Mywn, Yn Enedigol & Llys A collection of advice on these words |
| Cyflwyno enwau gwledydd Oes ffyrdd hawdd o ddysgu llawer o enwau gwledydd? | Introducing country names Are there straightforward ways to learn lots of country names? |
| Yr arddodiad 'i' Mae sawl ffordd o ddefnyddio'r arddodiad 'i'- beth yw'r rhain? | The preposition 'i' 'I' is used as a preposition in many ways- what are these? |
| Defnyddio Mo fel gair negyddol Sut mae defnyddio'r gair negyddol Mo? | Using 'Mo' as a negative How is Mo used to indicate a negative? |
| Ffurfiau amhersonol y berfau afreolaidd Sut ydyn ni’n dod i gyfarwydd â ffurfiau llenyddiol Mynd, Cael, Gwneud, a Dod? | Impersonal forms of the irregular verbs How do we become familiar with formal written forms of Mynd, Cael, Gwneud and Dod? |
| Mwy am Luosogion Gawn ni gael cip arall ar fwy o luosogion? | Extending Plurals Can we take a look at more forms of plurals? |
| Defnyddio Bod yn yr amser presennol a'r amser amherffaith Sut mae defnyddio ymadroddion fel 'Fy mod i' a 'Credir y bydd' mewn cymylau enwol? | Using Bod as That in the present and imperfect tenses How do we use forms such as 'Fy mod i' and 'Credir y bydd'? |
| Ardoddiadau yn Gymraeg ffurfiol Beth yw ystyr ffurfiau llenyddol ar arddodiadau fel 'ataf', 'atom' neu 'atynt'? | Prepositions in formal Welsh When we see prepositions in the form of 'ataf', 'atom' or 'atynt', what do they mean? |
| Gwahaniaethau pwysig rhwng Cymraeg y De a Chymraeg y Gogledd Sut mae patrymau Cymraeg y De yn wahanol i'r rheini yng Nghymraeg y Gogledd? | Key differences between North and South Welsh What are some of the main changes in patterns between North and South Welsh? |
| Atgrynhoi Yn Gadewch i ni edrych ar y gair Yn unwaith eto- beth fydd yn treiglo ar ei hôl hi, a beth na fydd? | Recapping Yn Can we just run through 'Yn' again- what mutates after it and what doesn't? |
| Dadansoddi'r gramadeg yn y gân 'Calon Lân' Rwy'n hoff iawn o'r gân Cymraeg o'r enw Calon Lân, ond mae'n cynnwys Cymraeg llenyddiol- gewch chi esbonio ystyr y geiriau hardd? | Analysing the grammar in 'Calon Lân' I'm really fond of the Welsh song Calon Lân, but it uses formal Welsh- can you talk us through the meaning of the beautiful words? |
| Defnyddio Gwneud yn amser dyfodol Oes ffordd gyflym a hawdd o ddefnydio berfau yn yr amser dyfodol? | Using Gwneud in the future Can you show us a quick and easy way to put verbs into the future tense? |
| Cyflwyno iaith ffurfiol Mae rhai gwahaniaethau rhwng Cymraeg ffurfiol a Chymraeg ar lafar. Beth yw'r pethau mwyaf pwysig i'w deall pan fyddwch chi'n ysgrifennu? | Introducing formal language As formal written Welsh is a little different from spoken Welsh, what are the main things we should learn about it first? |
| Defnyddio'r Amodol Cryno Sut mae defnyddio'r Amodol Cryno i ddweud 'I would go' fel 'Elwn i'? | Using the shortened form of the conditional tense How do we compress phrases such as 'Byddwn i’n mynd' into 'Elwn i'? |
| Yr Amodol: Cymharu'r ffurfiau ar lafar â'r rhai ffurfiol ysgrifenedig Sut y byddwch chi'n ynganu ffurfiau'r Amodol pan fyddwch chi'n gweld geiriau fel 'Licwn i'? | Comparing the written and spoken forms of the Future Conditional tense How do we learn the differences between forms such as 'Licwn i' and 'Licen i' (I would like)? |
| Atgrynhoi ac ymestyn syniadau ynglŷn â Phwyslais Sut mae cyferbynu pethau? Sut mae mynegi syndod neu anghrediniaeth? Sut mae anghytuno? | Recapping and extending the Emphatic form How do we contrast things, express surprise, disbelief, or disagreement? |
| Defnyddio'r geiriau pwysleisiol Taw & Mai, a'r Cyplad yn yr amser presennol, sef Yw Sut mae defnyddio'r geiriau Yw, Taw a Mai i bysleisio rhywbeth? | Using the emphatic words Taw & Mai, and the present-tense connecting form of To Be, that is Yw How do we use Yw, Taw and Mai to emphasise something? |
| Dydd & Diwrnod Y geiriau Dydd a Diwrnod fel ei gilydd sy'n golygu Day, ond byddan nhw'n cael eu defnyddio mewn cyd-destunau gwahanol- beth yw'r rhain? | Dydd & Diwrnod- Words for Day Both 'Dydd' and 'Diwrnod' mean 'Day', but are used in different contexts- what are those? |
| Hwn, Hon, Hwnna, Honno, Y Rhain, Y Rheina & Rheiny Mae'r geiriau hyn i gyd yn eitha tebyg i'w gilydd- beth yw'r gwahaniaeth rhyngddyn nhw? | Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns- Saying This, That, These, Those As each of these words is quite similar, how do we tell the difference between them? |
| Fan Hyn & Fanna Sut mae dweud 'By here' ac 'Over there'? | Fan Hyn & Fanna- By here & Over there How do we say things like 'By here' and 'Over there'? |
| Adolygu Ateb Cwestiynau Gawn ni edrych ar y ffyrdd gwahanol o ateb cwestiynau unwaith eto? | Revising Answers to Questions Can we go through again the different ways of answering questions? |
| Cyflwyno Amser Gorffennol Crwyno Bod- Bues, Buest, Buodd, Buon, Buoch & Buont Sut mae dweud pethau fel 'Fuoch chi ar wyliau eleni?' | Introducing the Short Past Tense of Bod- Bues, Buest, Buodd, Buon, Buoch & Buont How do we say things such as 'Did you go on holidays this year?' |
| Yn & Rhwng Mae Yn yn golygu 'in' ac ystyr Rhwng yw 'between'. Rwybryd mae'n anodd pa un y dylech chi ei ddefnyddio- gawn ni egluro hyn? | Yn & Rhwng- In & Between Yn means in and Rhwng means between but it can be unclear when to use which- can we clarify this? |
| Blwydd, Blwyddyn & Blynedd Mae'r geiriau hyn i gyd yn golygu Year, ond maen nhw'n cael eu defnyddio mewn cyd-destunau gwahanol. Pryd y dylen ni ddefnyddio Blwydd, Blwyddyn neu Flynedd? | Blwydd, Blwyddyn & Blynedd- Different words for Year Each of these means 'Year', but is used in different contexts- when do we use which? |
| Arall, Eraill, Y Llall & Y Lleill Mae sawl gair sy'n golygu Other. Sut mae defnyddio'r geiriau gwahanol hyn? | Arall, Eraill, Y Llall & Y Lleill- Words for Other How do we use the different forms of 'Other'? |
| Geiriau Bychain: Y Fannod (Y, Yr, 'R), A & Ac, Â & Ag Beth yw'r ffurfiau gwahanol ar y geiriau Yr, A, ac Â? | Little Words: The Definite Article ('The'), 'And' & 'With' Can we just run through again the differences between these forms of the definite article, and & with? |
| Di Di- yw rhagddodiad sy'n golygu 'heb'. Rydyn ni'n ei weld yn eitha aml- sut mae ei ddefnyddio? | Di- Without or Less I've seen Di, meaning without or less, appear quite often- how can it be used? |
