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Ask Dr Gramadeg: Y Goddefol (parhad) / Continuing the Passive voice – Parallel.cymru: Cylchgrawn digidol Cymraeg dwyieithog Warning: Parameter 2 to qtranxf_postsFilter() expected to be a reference, value given in /home/parallel/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-hook.php on line 324
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Ask Dr Gramadeg: Y Goddefol (parhad) / Continuing the Passive voice

Nodyn am ynganu 'Cael'
Yn y canllaw hon, rydyn ni wedi bod yn defnyddio ffurfaiu llafar wedi'u treiglo ar 'cael', fel 'cafodd e > gaeth e', gan y bydd llawer o bobl yn siarad fel hyn. Mewn rhai ardaloedd, efallai y byddech chi'n clywed 'cafodd e > gas e'. Fodd bynnag, mewn adroddiadau newyddiocn, byddwch chi'n clywed y ffurfiau llawn fel 'cefais / cefaist / cafodd / cawson / cawsoch / cawson'.

Felly yn lle
Gaeth dyn ei ladd               A man was killed (ar lafar / anffurfiol)

Byddwch chi'n fwy tebygol o glywed
Cafodd dyn ei ladd             A man was killed (ysgrifenedig / ffurfiol)

Yn y Stad Oddefol bydd rhaid i chi wybod pwy neu beth y byddwch chi'n sôn amdanyn nhw - neu'n hytrach beth yw cenedl beth bynnag y byddwch chi'n sôn amdano. Ydych chi'n sôn am un peth (neu berson) sy'n wrywaidd, am un peth sy'n fenywaidd, neu am fwy nag un peth? Os bydd y cyntaf, wedyn bydd rhaid defnyddio 'ei + treiglad meddal', is bydd yr ail, raid defnyddio 'ei + traeglad llaes / ychwanegu h' ac os bydd y trydedd, rhaid defnyddio 'eu + (dim treiglad) / ychwanegu h'. Dyma rai enghreifftiau:

We have been using the contracted form of the verb ‘cael’ in the past, which is used in speech - ‘gaeth’.  You may also hear ‘gas’ in some areas.  The ‘c’ of ‘cael’ is usually soft mutated in speech, but in news reports the full unmutated form is usually used.

So instead of:
Gaeth dyn ei ladd.      A man was killed  (speech / informal)

You will be more likely to hear:
Cafodd dyn ei ladd     A man was killed  (written / formal)

You need to know whether the object to which something is being done is masculine, feminine or plural.  The ei or eu refers back to that object and the mutation will change. 

 

 

 

 

Cafodd drws ei dorri - drws (g)
(treiglad meddal: t > d)

Cafodd drws (masculine) ei dorri  
(treiglad meddal - soft mutation)
A door was broken

Cafodd ffenest ei thorri - ffenest (b)
(treiglad llaes: t > th)

Cafodd ffenest (feminine) ei thorri
(treiglad llaes - aspirate mutation + h before vowels)
A window was broken

Cafodd ffenestri eu torri - ffenestri (lluosog)
(dim treiglad)

Cafodd ffenestri (plural) eu torri
(dim treiglad - no mutation but ‘h’ before vowels)

Cafodd ffenest ei hagor - ffenest (b)
(ychwanegu h)

Cafodd ffenest ei hagor - ffenest (b)
(ychwanegu h)
A window was opened

Cafodd y ffenestri eu hagor - ffenestri (lluosog)
(ychwanegu h)

Cafodd y ffenestri eu hagor - ffenestri (lluosog)
(ychwanegu h)
The windows were opened

 

 

* Rhagor o Enghreifftiau / More Examples

1. Cefais i fy ngweld yn y cyngerdd
> Ges i fy ngweld yn y cyngerdd
I was seen in the concert

2. Cefaist ti dy dalu ddoe?
> Gest ti dy dalu ddoe?
Were you paid yesterday?

3. Cafodd menyw ei hanrhydeddu gan y Brifysgol
> Gaeth menyw ei hanrhydeddu gan y Brifysgol
A woman was honoured by the University

4. Cawson ni ein gwahodd i'r parti
> Gaethon ni'n gwahodd i'r parti
We were invited to the party

5. Cawsoch chi eich dangos sut i wneud hynny
> Gaethoch chi'ch dangos sut i 'neud 'ny
You were shown how to do that

6. Cawson nhw eu gwahardd rhag dod i'r ysgol
> Gaethon nhw'u gwahardd rhag dod i'r ysgol
They were forbidden from coming to the school

7. Cafodd milwr ei ladd yn ystod y frwydr
> Gaeth milwr ei ladd yn ystod y frwydr
A soldier was killed in the battle

8. Cafodd dyn ei dalu am y gwaith
> Gaeth dyn ei dalu am y gwaith
A man was paid for the work

9. Cafodd y fenyw ei thalu am y llyfrau
> Gaeth y fenyw'i thalu am y llyfrau
The woman was paid for the books

10. Cafodd y gweithwyr eu talu o'r diwedd
> Gaeth y gweithwyr eu dalu o'r diwedd
The workers were paid at last

11. Cafodd y bachgen ei anafu gan ei dad
> Gaeth y bachgen ei anafu gan ei dad
The boy was injured by his father

12. Cafodd y ferch ei hanafu yn y ddamwain
> Gaeth y ferch ei hanafu yn y ddamwain
The girl was injured in the accident

13. Cafodd sawl aelod o'r cyhoedd eu hanafu gan y ffrwydrad
> Gaeth sawl aelod o'r cyhoedd eu hanafu gan y ffrwydrad
Several members of the public were injured by the explosion